Chickens Essay examples -- Factory Farming, Arsenic, Pasturing

As a kid you grow up learning new things, you ask questions and you hope that in return you get answers. A question that is often asked is ‘what came first, the chicken or the egg, or how is our food made?’ Many people find answers for things that they don’t know about, but what one doesn’t know might be better for them. What I can tell you is how chickens are raised and the many different ways that they are brought up. What I cant tell you is what came first, the chicken or the egg. I can tell you the difference from a chicken that was brought up in a factory farm from a chicken that was brought up in your back yard. There is a big difference from a factory chicken from a back yard chicken, such as the type of food they are fed, or their living space. Chickens are fed foods that have chemicals in them that can get into the human body. They are also tortured when they are brought up in factories because the chickens are kept in cages where there for four of them will be stuffed into one cage. Chickens are clipped on their feet and beaks so that when they are in a stressful situation they will not peck at the other chickens when they are all in the same cage. Chickens are carried from one factory to another in a truck where over half of the chickens die. The government call these facilities Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFO’s. The (EPA) otherwise known as the Environmental Protection Agency defines a CAFO as the â€Å"new and existing operations which stable or confine and feed or maintain for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period more than the number of animals specified† in categories that they list out. Also there will be no grass or other vegetation in the confined areas. Factory farming mainly began a... ...es and fats. Pasturing is also a cost-effective and healthy way to raise chickens. It is both good for the environment and the chicken itself. Chickens that are brought up on a farm have a better life and their meat is healthier for the consumer. If you go out and buy chicken from a store, you have no idea what kind of process that meat has been through or what has been added to it. You could be eating something that could get you very sick or even kill you. Factories should have law and those laws should state that artificial growth is illegal and not healthy for our food. If every person in the world took a step back and realized how our everyday food effects our lives or the environment around us we might find better ways to make a profit. So the next time you go to ask a question about where something comes from, you might want to think twice about it.

Brand Management

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON MARKETING BRAND MANAGEMENT This proposal is about one particular aspect of marketing, â€Å"Brand Management†. Marketing is a vast discipline so as a part of writing this proposal; I chose one particular aspect of it, which will provide information about several aspects of brands in global scenario. The main objectives of writing this proposal are: 1. Understanding the concept of brand and brand management 2. How brand names get evolved 3. Relationship of brand management and marketing 4. Different issues regarding brands in global scenario 5.Branding challenges This is the age of marketing. Today the success of any organization depends on the level of its marketing ability. Marketing has gained a great deal of importance in modern organizations to achieve its goals. However the concept of marketing continue to change along with the changes in nature of competition and consumer demands. According to Kotler and Armstrong –â€Å" Marketing is a pro cess by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want by creating and exchanging products and value with each other†. Marketing is like giving medicine to a patient. You can read also Portfolio Management QuizzesPatient identifies a problem within them and then the health personnel delivers specific medicine to cure the problem. Marketing is also the same. Customer has certain problems or feels some deficiency and marketing delivers them with the right product to deal with. Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers. Marketing might sometimes be interpreted, as the art of selling products, but sales is only one part of marketing. Actually â€Å"selling† is traditional of marketing and â€Å"marketing† is a modern form of selling.As the term â€Å"Marketing† may replace â€Å"Advertising† it is the overall strategy and function of promoting a product or service to the customer. The concept of marketing has changed over time. Previously, people preferred only production and selling as a part of marketing. But as the competition rose, they started valuing product quality, cust omer relationship, societal responsibilities as well as other supply chain participants. From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response.Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long-term relationships. . Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organisation and its shareholders Major concepts related with marketing can be outlined as: a. Studying consumer behavior b. Brand management c. Selling and sales management d. Managing market intermediaries e. Service marketing f.Identifying customer needs, wants, market segment and product positioning g. Distribution logistics and supply chain relationships h. Responsibilities towards society and customer In this proposal, we focus on one of the maj or aspect of marketing, Brand management. Branding has been around for centuries. The word â€Å"brand† is derived from the Old Norse brandr meaning â€Å"to burn. † Initially, branding was adopted to differentiate one person's cattle from another's by means of a distinctive symbol burned into the animal's skin with a hot iron stamp, and was subsequently used in business, marketing and advertising.A brand is the most valuable fixed asset of a Corporation. For any organization to make its identity in the market requires a specific domain name. It helps to get recognized in the market. Brand name gives identity and helps it get recognized differently in the market. A modern example of a brand is Coca Cola, which belongs to the Coca-Cola Company. Similarly, Harley Davidson, Apple, Samsung, Adidas, Nike, Britannia etc. are other examples of brand. According to American Marketing Association (AMA) –â€Å" A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a ombina tion of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competition. † BusinessDictionary. com describes brand management as the process of maintaining, improving, and upholding a brand so that the name is associated with positive results. Brand Management is actually the process of maintaining the value of brand and revising any associated entities as per the need of situation. It plays a crucial role in the success and failure of the organization. Why is brand an important aspect of modern marketing?The reasons are: 1. Means of identification as a unique name in the market 2. Means of legally protecting the unique features 3. Signal of quality level to customers 4. Base for competitive advantage 5. Increases level of awareness of the brand 6. Customers feel safe to negotiate with registered brands 7. Gives idea about product association 8. Brand is a promise made by the company to customer 9. It serv es as a means of advertising 10. It explains what the product is associated with Several companies put their brand names based on different variables.Some name their product on the basis of their owners. Honda motors were named after Soichiro Honda, Harley Davidson motors was found by combined efforts of William S. Harley, Arthur Davidson and Walter Davidson. TATA motors was named after Jamsedji Tata(JRD Tata), Adidas sports wear was named after Adi Dasler and Bajaj auto was named after Jamnalal Bajaj. Some have named the products after the name of places like Chevrolet Tahoe SUV, British Airways, Sanmiguel beer, hamburger named after â€Å"hamburg†, a place in Germany, Hindustan petroleums named after â€Å"Hindustan† meaning India and others.Brand names named after names of animals and birds are Dove soap, Mustang automobiles, Greuhound buses, Panther condoms and others. Brand names has always been an important aspect of marketing strategy. Organizations spend millio ns searching for a valid name for the organization. They make sure that the names suit to the product or service the company is offering. They too ensure that those names do not collide with brand of other organization. Eg: World Wide Fund (WWF) filed World Wrestling Federation (WWF) a legal suit for keeping a similar name. Due to this world wrestling federation had to change its name.Therefore choosing brand name is a very sensitive decision. For choosing a brand name, an organization has to follow given procedures: 1. Define objectives 2. Generate possible names 3. Screen initial candidates 4. Study the candidate names 5. Properly research final candidate 6. Select the final name Therefore to establish a strong brand, it has to take in consideration the following blocks of brand building: Resonance Resonance Imagery Imagery Feelings Feelings Salience Salience Performance Performance Judgements Judgements Fig: Brand Building Blocks Fig: Brand Building BlocksSalience is the level of awareness regarding the brand to the customers. It checks the ability of a customer to recall and recognize a particular brand or its logo, symbol, name. After the customer’s awareness is identified, it checks the performance of the brand regarding how reliable and durable the brand is. It also checks the serviceability i. e. ease of repairing the product if needed. After the performance is identified, it views the imagery aspect i. e. who uses the brand, conditions of use of the product, brand personality, values etc. It is the way the people think about a brand and is more concerned with intangible aspect.Brand judgments are customer’s personal opinions about the evaluations about the brand that consumers form by combining brand performance and imagery blocks. Customers judge the brand on the basis of quality, credibility and superiority. Another building block is feelings with the brand. They are customer’s emotional responses and reactions towards the brand . It checks what type of feeling they get by the use of the brand like feeling of warmth, fun, security, self respect, excitement status etc. Final brand building is resonance. It is the ultimate relationship with the brand.Resonance is measured in terms of intensity of psychological bond with the brand and the degree of loyalty towards the brand. Positioning aspect of brand In marketing, positioning is the process by which marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for its product, brand, or organization. Brand positioning is at the heart of marketing strategy. It is the act of designing the company’s offers and image so that it occupies a distinct and valued place in the minds of target customers. As the name implies, positioning means finding proper location in the minds of customer.Any company cannot formulate its marketing strategy without positioning its brand in certain aspects. Positioning explains what the brand intends to provid e to the customer. It reveals what the product is related to. Brand positioning describes how a brand is different from its competitors and where, or how, it sits in a particular market. The company has to keep in mind that positioning should be clear, distinct and relevant. For example, Apple and Windows both are well known brand. Consumers are aware that they both are computer brands dealing in entertainment, but Apple stands for style, cool quotient, iPod etc. here as Windows stands for world class operating system, quality etc. Consumer can easily identify point of similarities and points of difference between the two brands. This process of creating point of similarities and points of difference in consumer’s mind is called Brand Positioning. Companies position their brands in different ways so as to create a distinct image in the market. They may position it on different bases like low price, high price, size, package, quality, gender, endurance, substitution and many o thers. Positioning of different brands: 1. Low price brand: Wal-Mart retail store . High price brand: Rolex, Mercedes Benz 3. Quality brand: IBM, Toyota, Motorola 4. Endurance: CEAT tyres, Land rover, Honda 5. Size: Nano car, Slim Motorola mobile 6. Gender: Gillette Razor, Axe perfumes, Fair ; Handsome for men Femine magazine, Avon cosmetics, Fair ; Lovely for women 7. Substitution: Sugar free Natura has placed itself as substitution for sugar and Eveready milk powder for liquid milk Similarly Coca-Cola has positioned as a cold drink useful in summer and there are many feelings associated with it and not only as a mere drink.On the other hand Pepsi has positioned as a cold drink for the young generations and Mountain Dew has presented its image as a drink for adventure loving customers. Sometimes, same positioning does not work out for the company in long run. It has to reposition and revitalize its brand over times either to revive or strengthen its brand. Different marketing strat egies, several research plans has to be worked out and sometimes-even management structure has to be changed in order to revalue the brand. There are several Brand reinforcement strategies that the organization can adopt overtime to cope with the changing situations.Some of them are: 1. Maintaining brand consistency: Brands should be able to provide a consistent image to occupy a shelf in the mind of customers. If not, it may fail in the market situation. For example Gateway computers applied various strategies and themes to extend the brand with mergers and portfolios. Due to this, customers confused with its positioning and its stock price reduced from USD100 to USD 3 in 2005. 2. Protecting sources of brand equity: Any organization should know its strength factor. It should identify its major source of brand equity to sustain in the market.At certain times, brand have to revitalize itself since there many forces acting in the market to rule out other brands. Companies might have t o adapt to following Brand Revitalization strategies to resurrect itself: 1. Expanding brand awareness: Brand awareness can be expanded through: a) Identify new usage opportunities Charles Revlon introduced nail polish not only as a matter of covering nails but as a match for dress, style sense and beauty. b) Identify completely new ways to use the brand Wrigley’s chewing gum introduced itself as not only a gum but as an alternative for smoking. 2. Improving brand image:Different ways of improving brand images are: a) Repositioning the brand Harley Davidson’s motorbikes were previously believed to be used by rowdies. The riders who rode Harley had some rough like character like long hairs, big muscular arms, and tattoos painted on their bodies and moustache and beards. Those made people perceive that only rowdies rode those motors. Later Harley Davidson relaunched itself as a bike for gentlemen leaving apart its previous image. Similarly Harley encouraged lady riders t o take the riders edge by introducing a poster of a lady rider with a tagline –â€Å"I am not a back rest†. b) Changing brand elementsKentucky Fried Chicken changed its name (brand element) to KFC (although, it is only short version of the full name) to perceive a healthier image. Also, Federal Express (a courier company) changed its name to FedEx to sound more professional. c) Entering new markets Brunswick Billiards introduced new strategy to pool market to enforce its sales targeting female customers. Initially wives would not approve the purchase of billiard board in their home as it was called a male type of game. Later it introduced elegant designs targeting design conscious women who would now purchase a pool table on aesthetics ground and a showpiece to room.Lets take an example of a company who adopted Brand revitalization strategy to resurrect its brand position after being at height at its low: Lacoste sportswear, founded in France, 1933 became a style icon by selling polo shirt featuring a crocodile logo in it. In 1980, when it was owned by General Mills (cereal makers), it failed to keep up with fashion trends and sales began to drop. Company cut prices and started to sell it to discounter’s like Kmart and Wal-Mart that further damaged brands image. Then in 2002, Robert Siegel, former Levi’s executive was appointed to oversee the brand in United States.He withdrew Lacoste products from all non-luxury stores and discounters. It regenerated its fashion trends by introducing tight fitting shirts for women that raised revenues of women wear from 7% to 33%. It opened own brand boutiques in fashionable shopping areas. Due to this, Lacoste’s US revenues rose more than 280% between 2003 and 2005. There are several challenges to products today sometimes because of the competition and sometimes due to the implementation of wrong product strategy. An organization has to keep in mind the nature of product and suitable market ing strategy.Marketing campaigns has to be launched depending upon what class of customer it is intending to serve, gender of customer, objectives of campaign whether it is market penetration or improving market share or survival mode. Appropriate strategy at the right time invites fortunes and mistimed marketing strategy might backfire the organization. Therefore right plan for the right brand is always critical. Marketing strategies for effective brand building 1. Selecting brand elements like name, logo, symbols, slogans, and packaging. 2.Adopting proper product strategy like achieving a satisfactory level of customers perception towards the quality of the product and relationship marketing 3. Adopting pricing strategy like improving consumers price perception towards the brand and relevant price setting 4. Promotion through marketing communication options and integrating marketing communication programs like advertising, direct selling, public relation, and trade promotion etc. 5. Leveraging secondary associations: brands may be linked to other entities that have their own knowledge structures in the mind of customers.When brands are linked to these entities customers assume that those characteristics that they hold about those entities also may be true with the brand. For example when Adidas brand was endorsed by tennis star Roger Federer (then No. 1 rank), then people who knew Federer as best tennis player also developed similar attitude towards the features of Adidas brand. There are certain strategies for building a strong brand. Some of them are: Licensing: Licensing creates contractual arrangements whereby firms can use names, logos, and characters of other brands to market their brands for some fixed fee.People pay fees to use popular names such as Harry potter, Spider-Man, SpongeBob, Angry Birds or any famous celebrity in their products so that they too gain popularity easily. For example, when you buy a copy of Microsoft Office you are not actuall y purchasing Office–you are entering into a license agreement that allows you to use the product under the specified terms and conditions they have outlined in the license agreement. Similarly designer such as Calvin Klein command large royalties for the right to use his name in variety of merchandise. Franchising:A franchise is a license issued to someone to operate a business using a common brand name, a common operating support system and involving the payment of initial and/or ongoing fees. A franchise also offers the franchisee with the ability to capitalize on the know-how and systems that have been proven to be successful. . Small-business owners pay companies for the rights to use their trademarks, services and products in return for support and company guidelines on how to run their particular businesses. Many industries have companies using the franchise model, including food, lodging and business services.For example McDonalds has over 75 percent of its worldwide r estaurants independently owned. Business owners can purchase a new or existing restaurant. An initial down payment is required, and the rest of the cost can be financed for up to seven years. During the terms of the franchise agreement, ongoing fees include rent and service fees. It is one of the world’s famous franchises. Some challenges in Brand Management: 1. Brand switching customers 2. Media fragmentation i. e. introduction of several medias for promotion that may lead to increase cost and cluttering of information 3. Increased competition 4. Growing need for customer concern . Sometimes socio-cultural issues also leads to create problems in brand management. For example nudity in advertising are strictly banned in South Asia. Due to this, advertisements of brands of apparels, innerwear, and lingerie may not produce the desired response. 6. Sometimes the brand name themselves may imply different meanings in several countries. Some of the global branding Mishaps are prese nted below: a. When Braniff translated a slogan touting its upholstery, â€Å"Fly Leather†, it came out in Spanish as â€Å"Fly Naked†. b. Coors put its slogan, â€Å"Turn it Loose†, into Spanish, where it was read as â€Å"Suffer from Diarrhea†. c.Chicken magnate Frank Perdue’s line, â€Å"It takes a tough man to make a tender chicken†, sounds much more interesting in Spanish: â€Å"It takes a sexually stimulated man to make a chicken affectionate†. d. Why Chevy Nova never sold well in Spanish-speaking countries: No Va means â€Å"It doesn’t go† in Spanish. e. When Pepsi started marketing its product in China, they translated their slogan, â€Å"Pepsi brings you back to life†, pretty literally. The slogan in Chinese meant â€Å"Pepsi Brings Your Ancestors Back From The Grave†. f. When Coca-Cola first shipped to China, they named the product something that when pronounced sounded like, â€Å"Coca-Cola†.The only problem was that the characters used meant, â€Å"Bite the wax tadpole†. They later changed to set of characters that mean â€Å"Happiness in the mouth†. g. A hair products company, Clairol introduced the â€Å"Mist Stick†, a curling iron, into Germany only to find out that Mist is slang for manure in German. h. When Gerber first started selling baby food in Africa, they used the same packaging as in the United States, with the cute baby on the label. Later they found out that in Africa, companies routinely put pictures on the label of what is inside because most people cant read. i.Japan’s Mitsubishi Motors had to rename its Pajero in Spanish-speaking countries because the term related to masturbation. j. Toyota Motor’s MR2 model dropped the number in France because the combination sounded like a French swearword. Here is a list of Top ten Brands in year 2012 1. Coca-Cola : It’s brand value raised by 9% than last year. Last year too it was Ranked as number one. 2. Apple : Despite Steve Jobs passed by, its brand value rose by 129% from last year. Last year it was at number eight. 3. IBM : It’s brand value rose by 8%. Last year it was at number two. 4.Google : It’s brand value rose by 26%. 5. Microsoft : It’s market value went down by 2%. Last year it was No. 3. 6. GE : General Electric’s brand value rose by 2%. last year, it was No. 5. 7. McDonald : It’s brand value rose by 13% than last year. 8. Intel : It’s brand value increased by 12%. 9. Samsung : It’s brand value rose to 40% from last year. 10. Toyota : It’s brand value rose to 9% from last year. Source: International Business Times. Conclusion In the above-mentioned information, we have seen that brand management is really an essential element in marketing.No company can thrive towards success if it is not able to choose the right branding strategy according to the market situation. Global compet ition has made it even more complex. Brand name is the one that identifies the company in the market and if not careful, brand name may be solely responsible for causing downfall of the company. I chose this topic, â€Å"Brand Management†, because in my Bachelors Degree, I studied Marketing as my course of specialization in last two semesters. I am very interested in studying marketing because it a dynamic subject and I like studying more about Companies, their Branding Strategies and the easons why they succeded or failed. I am very much interested to do the marketing course in my Masters Degree. This will give me more exposure to the complex business structure and as well as help me guide my career in this field. References Websites www. wikipedia. com www. google. com www. BusinessDictionary. com www. managementstudyguide. com www. whatis. com www. slideshare. com www. entreprenuer. com www. bigkerbang. com www. internationalbusinesstimes. com Books Strategic Brand Managem ent, Keller, Kevin Lane Fundamentals of Marketing, Agrawal, Dr. Govind Ram

Lord of the Flies A Comparison of the Novel and the Film

Lord of the Flies: A Comparison of Novel and Film In 1954, at the height of Cold War tensions and in the continually unfolding aftermath of World War II, William Golding produced an allegorical novel of singular potency. With Lord of the Flies, Golding simultaneously captured the sense of our collective lost innocence and of our mutual descent into savagery, using a lot of castaway grade-school boys to demonstrate that such behavior may well be in mans inherent nature. Goldings text would not only prove a remarkably successful and critically acclaimed literary work but it would also become fodder for a number of adaptations. Central to our discussion is the 1990 film adaptation directed by Harry Hook. As we will note, while the film conveys the same themes as are present in the text and conforms by and large to the narrative arc of the novel, it does also manipulate the story for the purposes of its theatrical consumption. In its plot content, its stylistic approach and its cultural orientation, the film differs critically form the novel. Where the plot is concerned, the film does obey most of the central details of the book. However, there is one fundamental difference in the story-line that creates a decidedly different effect than what is perhaps achieved in the text. Namely, at the outset of the book, we are essentially told that there are no grownups on the island. An air of mystery surrounds the whereabouts of a pilot but Ralph and Piggy resolve the matterShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies Book And Book Comparison Essay893 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Lord of the Flies† Movie and Book Comparison Harry Hook did an amazing job of producing the movie â€Å"Lord of the Flies† though not a lot of people enjoyed it as much as William Golding’s book. The novel was published in 1954 when the movie was first released the year of 1990. 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New ideas are introduced for making advertising consumer-oriented and target-oriented

The Healing Uses of Artificial Skin

Artificial skin is a substitute for human skin produced in the laboratory, typically used to treat severe burns. Different types of artificial skin differ in their complexity, but all are designed to mimic at least some of the skin’s basic functions, which include protecting against moisture and infection and regulating body heat. How Artificial Skin Works Skin is primarily made of two layers: the uppermost layer, the epidermis, which serves as a barrier against the environment; and the dermis, the layer below the epidermis which makes up roughly 90 percent of the skin. The dermis also contains the proteins collagen and elastin, which help give the skin its mechanical structure and flexibility. Artificial skins work because they close wounds, which prevents bacterial infection and water loss and helps the damaged skin to heal. For example, one commonly used artificial skin, Integra, consists of an â€Å"epidermis† made of silicone and prevents bacterial infection and water loss, and a â€Å"dermis† based on bovine collagen and glycosaminoglycan. The Integra â€Å"dermis† functions as an extracellular matrix – a structural support found between cells that helps regulate cell behavior – that induces a new dermis to form by promoting cell growth and collagen synthesis. The Integra â€Å"dermis† is also biodegradable and is absorbed and replaced by the new dermis. After several weeks, physicians replace the silicone â€Å"epidermis† with a thin layer of epidermis from another part of the patient’s body. Uses of Artificial Skin Treating burns:  Artificial skin is commonly used to treat burn injuries, especially if the patient does not have enough healthy skin that can be transplanted to the wound. In such cases, the body cannot generate skin cells quickly enough to heal the damaged skin, and the patient’s injury may become lethal due to significant fluid loss and infection. Artificial skin can thus be used to immediately close the wound and improve survival.Treating skin disorders:  Some artificial skin products like Apligraf have been used to treat chronic wounds on the skin, such as ulcers, which are open wounds that heal very slowly. They may also be applied to skin disorders like eczema and psoriasis, which often span a large portion of the body and may benefit from artificial skins laden with medicine, which can easily wrap around the affected area.Research in consumer products and medicine:  Aside from its uses in the clinical setting, artificial skin may also be used to model human skin for research. For example, artificial skin is used as an alternative to animal testing, which is often used to gauge how a cosmetics or medical product affects the skin. However, this testing may cause pain and discomfort to the animals and does not necessarily predict the response of human skin. Some companies like L’Orà ©al have already used artificial skin to test many chemical ingredients and products.Artificial skin may also simulate skin for other research applications, including how skin is affected by UV exposure and how chemicals in sunscreen and medicines are transported through skin. Types of Artificial Skin Artificial skins mimic either the epidermis or dermis, or both epidermis and dermis in a â€Å"full-thickness† skin replacement. Some products are based on biological materials like collagen, or biodegradable materials not found in the body. These skins can also include a non-biological material as another component, such as Integra’s silicone epidermis. Artificial skins have also been produced by growing sheets of skin live skin cells taken from the patient or other humans. One major source is the foreskins of newborns, taken after circumcision. Such cells often do not stimulate the body’s immune system—a property that allows fetuses to develop in their mother’s wombs without being rejected—and hence are much less likely to be rejected by the patient’s body. How Artificial Skin Differs From Skin Grafts Artificial skin should be differentiated from the skin graft, which is an operation in which healthy skin is removed from a donor and attached it to a wounded area. The donor is preferably the patient themself, but could also come from other humans, including cadavers, or from animals like pigs. However, artificial skin is also grafted onto a wounded area during treatments. Improving Artificial Skin for the Future Though artificial skin has benefited many people, a number of drawbacks can be addressed. For example, artificial skin is expensive as the process to make such skin is complex and time-consuming. Furthermore, artificial skin, as in the case of sheets grown from skin cells, can also be more fragile than their natural counterparts. As researchers continue to improve on these, and other, aspects, however, the skins that have been developed will continue to help save lives. References Brohem, C., da Silva Cardeal, L., Tiago, M., Soengas, M., de Moraes Barros, S., Maria-Engler, S. â€Å"Artificial skin in perspective: concepts and applications.† Pigment Cell Melanoma Research, 2011, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 35-50, doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00786.x.Companies are making human skin in labs to curb animal testing of products, Bob Woods, CNBC.Cooper, G. â€Å"Cell walls and the extracellular matrix.† In The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition, 2000, Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates.Halim, A., Khoo, T., and Yussof, S. â€Å"Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: An overview.† Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2010, vol. 43, pp. S23-S28, doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.70712.Immortal skin, Rebecca Skloot, Popular Science.Integra Dermal Regeneration Template.Jones, I., Currie, L., and Martin, R. â€Å"A guide to biological skin substitutes.† British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2002, vol. 55, pp. 185-193, doi: 10.1054/hips.2002.3800.Schulz, J., Tompkins, R., and Burke, J. â€Å"Artificial skin.† Annual Review of Medicine, 2000, vol. 51, pp. 231-244, doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.231.‘Second skin’ goes on over your skin to smooth your wrinkles, Ike Swetlitz, STAT.Tompkins, R., and Burke, J. â€Å"Progress in burn treatment and the use of artificial skin.† World Journal of Surgery, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 819-824, doi: 10.1007/BF01670529.Varkey, M., Ding, J., and Tredget, E. â€Å"Advances in skin substitutes—Potential of tissue engineered skin for facilitating anti-fibrotic healing.† Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 2015, vol. 6, pp. 547-563, doi:10.3390/jfb6030547.Zhang, Z., and Michniak-Kohn, B. â€Å"Tissue engineered human skin equivalents.† Pharmaceutics, 2012, vol. 4, pp. 26-41, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics4010026.

Culture Is A Way Of Life - 1033 Words

When defining the word culture, a common definition is that culture is a way of life. The way of life, however, holds a very general and unspecific meaning, and thus it is only an accurate description to encompass the basic idea of culture in a worldwide sense. A culture is made up of the people within it, and their interactions with each other and the society around them. It is these interactions that resulted in ideas such as art, history, tradition, and science, along with a range of others. The study of the history of culture should then logically require these people and their interactions as the focus. As such, cultural history is the study and interpretation of experiences, testimonies, and points of view that combines anthropological and historical methodologies to appreciate the history of a culture. 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Three Generation By Nick Quackin Free Essays

CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS: Anastacia- the old lady who told the heantation to Agueda Agueda- the young lady who bravely to see his husband to be on the midnight of May Day eve. Badoy- the man who fell in love with Agueda and eventually became his wife. PLOT: The story is about a girl who happened to believe that he could see his husband to be on a May Day eve. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Generation By Nick Quackin or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was an old wives take but it ought to be true when he married the man he saw on the mirror. In one part, Joaquin intends to present the circumstances of Agueda describing her encounter with the devil in the mirror to her young daughter. The child is keen in fact sees a similarity of his father to the description of the devil by her mother. The ambiguity of Agueda weeping towards the end renders innumerable possibilities. In yet another part Joaquin is more determined to show the circumstances of Don Badoy Montiya’s recollection of seeing a witch in the mirror. Teary eyed, he recalls to his grandson that he saw standing before the mirror the witch. Some have been guilty of looking at the story as a simple tale for little children, but Joaquin aims at something grander and loftier. His attention to present a man and a woman holding on to love until the death of them is worthy of note. His intention to exhibit the hazy romance of the old world, the quiet consummation of their love, itself an elevated thought, is a result of his great imaginative power. THEME: It was a love story that came in seemingly impossible superstitions. POINT OF VIEW: The author is the one who narrated the story SUMMARY: May Day eve of 1847 when Agueda tried to take a peek of the one she would  fated Mary. She walked down the living room and made the incantation when the young Badoy Montiya appeared before her. Agueda was really annoyed with Badoy and later on she had been offended and bit the knuckles of the young Badoy Montiya. Badoy wan to have revenge when he found himself falling in love with Agueda. Years have passed and they were already married and had a family. Agueda told her daughter what happened to that May Day Eve of 1847.Badoy reminisce on how he fell in love with Agueda on that evening, telling the story to his grandson. And the memories of him and her late wife keep coming back. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TITLE: According to the story, one could see his or her husband or wife to be when they peer in a mirror at the midnight of May Day eve. The superstion was said to be done at May Day eve and the story emphasizes the title May day eve. How to cite Three Generation By Nick Quackin, Papers

Report on Organizational Risks in Fruito

Question: Write theReport on Organizational Risks in Fruito. Answer: Introduction Background: Fruito, the largest fruit shop in Australia selling fruits and vegetables to retail markets as well as directly to the the customers. They also supply their products to hotels and restaurants. The procedure of internal control is planned to offer required assurance for achieving the objectives of operation, compliance, strategy and reporting (Chan, 2016). Management of risk is an essential segment of internal control. The management of risk is essential for attaining the aim of managing and predicting the probable risks and finding the way to eliminate them (Munsif, Raghunandan Rama, 2012). Aims: The aims of this report are: To recognize the risk in financial level, risk of mishandling the assets and risk of mishandling the products and the effectiveness and correctness of operations and identifying the role of internal control (Maughan et al., 2016). To identify the effect of the risks on the business of the organization; To suggest the methods to eliminate or reduce the risks (Kersting Wollni, 2012). Description of Expenditure Cycle The main purpose for the cycle of expenditure is to alter their cash into human resource and physical materials needed to operate the business. As like other organizations, Fruito also conducts their business on credit payment system and makes the payment after receiving the stores (Reynolds et al., 2015). Stages of Expenditure Cycle The time gap between the receipt of stores and payment for the same divides the procurement procedure into two stages: (1) Physical stage, which includes the acquiring of the stores (2) Financial stage, which involves the payment of cash. Cycle of Expenditure Related to Control and Risk As the payment is made after the receipt of goods, there is chances that the payment may not match with the cost booked for orders, if proper system for raising invoice and voucher for payment are nor reconciled. The requisition list and received items list should be matched properly. As the companys records are maintained in manual basis, there is great chance of misstatement of data for purchase, receipt or payment. After the receipt of goods, they are not transferred to warehouse immediately. As fruits and vegetables are perishable products, there is a high possibility that the goods will be perished and will result in loss for the company. In the system of payment, only one person is engaged with the job of making all the payments and keeping the records. Therefore, chances are there that he may make mistakes or may manipulate the data for his personal purpose. In few instances, the payment voucher does not contain the signature of higher authorities (Harsono et al., 2013). Risks and their Probable Effect on Fruito Fruitos purchasing system starts with the preparation of requisition order after checking the inventory level of the fruits and vegetables in the warehouse and completes with the receipt of stores. Risks involved with the process of receiving and ordering and their effects are: After checking the inventory level, they prepare the requisition for order manually. Manual order preparation is susceptible to misstatement and chances are there that wrong quantity for orders are placed. The raw materials required for Fruitos business are fresh fruits and vegetables from local farmers. As most of the fruits are seasonal in nature, it may hamper the business activity if required quantity is not received (Seymour et al., 2013). After receiving the stores, it takes some time to send the goods to warehouse. There are high chances that the fruits and vegetables will be rotten as the goods are of perishable nature. As the fruits and vegetable are of seasonal nature, Fruito needs to maintain high level for inventories. Despite of taking measures to preserve the fruits in good condition, there are chances that the goods will be perished. Processed vegetables and fruits are sold to retailers and direct customers for credit. It generally takes 30-60 days for receipt of payment. Huge amount of money involved with the debtor affect the companys financial viability (Cerutti et al. 2014). Recommendation to Mitigate Risk To mitigate or reduce the above listed risks, the company must follow the following recommendations: Install the computer system to maintain the data rather maintain the data in manual basis preparation of order requisition and order placing quantity should be cross checked by any higher authority Fruito should communicate with more suppliers, so that required quantity of raw material can be obtained easily They can maintain higher inventory level for seasonal fruits and vegetables (Ashurst, 2016). Goods should be transferred to the warehouse immediately to protect them from perishing The fruits and vegetables which are of more perishable nature should be processed first to reduce the chances of perishing. Fruito should use better preservation system to minimise the perishing level They should use modern amenities in warehouse to keep the vegetables and fruits in fresh condition. As the sale is made in credit system and payment is received in 30-60 days, Fruito can engage one debt collector who will collect the debt in short period in exchange of commission. Fruito can introduce discount system for payment made before the expiration of time. This will influence the debtors to make payment on time (Tracy Wright, 2016) Risk Impact Recommendation Way to mitigate 3.1. Manual preparation of requisition 3.2. Shortage of supply 3.3. Goods not sent to warehouse immediately after receipt 3.4. Fruits and vegetable are of seasonal nature 3.5. Long-term credit Misstatement of quantity Hamper the business activity Vegetables and fruits are perished Needs to maintain high level for inventories Huge amount of money involved with the debtor 4.1.(a)Prepare the requisition in computer (b)The invoice should be properly authorised 4.2.(a)Contact other suppliers (b)Maintain high level of inventory 4.3.(a) Goods should be transferred to the warehouse immediately (b) More perishable goods should be processed first 4.4.(a) Should use better preservation system (b) Use modern amenities in warehouse 4.5.(a) Can engage one debt collector (b) Introduce discount system for early payment Install computer system in the company and maintain the record in that Efficient and reliable supplier should be contracted. More employees should be engaged for handling the received goods Establish new warehouse with better preservation system Debt collector should be engaged in terms of payment of commission Table 1: Risk factor and recommendation (Sources: As created by author) Conclusion From the above discussions, it can be concluded that, the purpose of this report is to find out the importance of internal control in the business process, the risks involved with the order and receipt process of inventories and the recommendations to minimise the risks. It is found from the report that the main issue with the company Fruito is that they maintain their records in manual system. Other issues involved in their business are the warehousing of the goods, processing of the goods and receipt of payment. To reduce these risks, the company should install computer system in their offices, manage the payment system through hiring debt collector and process the raw materials in accordance with their perishable level. Reference: Ashurst, P. R. (2016).Chemistry and technology of soft drinks and fruit juices. John Wiley Sons. Cerutti, A. K., Beccaro, G. L., Bruun, S., Bosco, S., Donno, D., Notarnicola, B., Bounous, G. (2014). Life cycle assessment application in the fruit sector: state of the art and recommendations for environmental declarations of fruit products.Journal of Cleaner Production,73, 125-135. Chan, D. K. W. (2016). The effects of internal control reporting regulation on Control Quality, Compensation and Audit Quality. InWorkshop on Accounting and Economics, EIASM 2016. Harsono, S. S., Grundman, P., Lau, L. H., Hansen, A., Salleh, M. A. M., Meyer-Aurich, A., ... Ghazi, T. I. M. (2013). Energy balances, greenhouse gas emissions and economics of biochar production from palm oil empty fruit bunches.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,77, 108-115. Kersting, S., Wollni, M. (2012). New institutional arrangements and standard adoption: evidence from small-scale fruit and vegetable farmers in Thailand.Food Policy,37(4), 452-462. Maughan, T., Drost, D., Olsen, S., Black, B. (2016). Good Agricultural Practices (GAP): Certification Basics. Munsif, V., Raghunandan, K., Rama, D. V. (2012). Internal control reporting and audit report lags: Further evidence.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(3), 203-218. Reynolds, C. J., Piantadosi, J., Buckley, J. D., Weinstein, P., Boland, J. (2015). Evaluation of the environmental impact of weekly food consumption in different socio-economic households in Australia using environmentally extended inputoutput analysis.Ecological Economics,111, 58-64. Seymour, G. B., stergaard, L., Chapman, N. H., Knapp, S., Martin, C. (2013). Fruit development and ripening.Annual review of plant biology,64, 219-241. Tracy, J., Wright, J. (2016). Payment changes and default risk: The impact of refinancing on expected credit losses.Journal of Urban Economics,93, 60-70.