The Healing Uses of Artificial Skin

Artificial skin is a substitute for human skin produced in the laboratory, typically used to treat severe burns. Different types of artificial skin differ in their complexity, but all are designed to mimic at least some of the skin’s basic functions, which include protecting against moisture and infection and regulating body heat. How Artificial Skin Works Skin is primarily made of two layers: the uppermost layer, the epidermis, which serves as a barrier against the environment; and the dermis, the layer below the epidermis which makes up roughly 90 percent of the skin. The dermis also contains the proteins collagen and elastin, which help give the skin its mechanical structure and flexibility. Artificial skins work because they close wounds, which prevents bacterial infection and water loss and helps the damaged skin to heal. For example, one commonly used artificial skin, Integra, consists of an â€Å"epidermis† made of silicone and prevents bacterial infection and water loss, and a â€Å"dermis† based on bovine collagen and glycosaminoglycan. The Integra â€Å"dermis† functions as an extracellular matrix – a structural support found between cells that helps regulate cell behavior – that induces a new dermis to form by promoting cell growth and collagen synthesis. The Integra â€Å"dermis† is also biodegradable and is absorbed and replaced by the new dermis. After several weeks, physicians replace the silicone â€Å"epidermis† with a thin layer of epidermis from another part of the patient’s body. Uses of Artificial Skin Treating burns:  Artificial skin is commonly used to treat burn injuries, especially if the patient does not have enough healthy skin that can be transplanted to the wound. In such cases, the body cannot generate skin cells quickly enough to heal the damaged skin, and the patient’s injury may become lethal due to significant fluid loss and infection. Artificial skin can thus be used to immediately close the wound and improve survival.Treating skin disorders:  Some artificial skin products like Apligraf have been used to treat chronic wounds on the skin, such as ulcers, which are open wounds that heal very slowly. They may also be applied to skin disorders like eczema and psoriasis, which often span a large portion of the body and may benefit from artificial skins laden with medicine, which can easily wrap around the affected area.Research in consumer products and medicine:  Aside from its uses in the clinical setting, artificial skin may also be used to model human skin for research. For example, artificial skin is used as an alternative to animal testing, which is often used to gauge how a cosmetics or medical product affects the skin. However, this testing may cause pain and discomfort to the animals and does not necessarily predict the response of human skin. Some companies like L’Orà ©al have already used artificial skin to test many chemical ingredients and products.Artificial skin may also simulate skin for other research applications, including how skin is affected by UV exposure and how chemicals in sunscreen and medicines are transported through skin. Types of Artificial Skin Artificial skins mimic either the epidermis or dermis, or both epidermis and dermis in a â€Å"full-thickness† skin replacement. Some products are based on biological materials like collagen, or biodegradable materials not found in the body. These skins can also include a non-biological material as another component, such as Integra’s silicone epidermis. Artificial skins have also been produced by growing sheets of skin live skin cells taken from the patient or other humans. One major source is the foreskins of newborns, taken after circumcision. Such cells often do not stimulate the body’s immune system—a property that allows fetuses to develop in their mother’s wombs without being rejected—and hence are much less likely to be rejected by the patient’s body. How Artificial Skin Differs From Skin Grafts Artificial skin should be differentiated from the skin graft, which is an operation in which healthy skin is removed from a donor and attached it to a wounded area. The donor is preferably the patient themself, but could also come from other humans, including cadavers, or from animals like pigs. However, artificial skin is also grafted onto a wounded area during treatments. Improving Artificial Skin for the Future Though artificial skin has benefited many people, a number of drawbacks can be addressed. For example, artificial skin is expensive as the process to make such skin is complex and time-consuming. Furthermore, artificial skin, as in the case of sheets grown from skin cells, can also be more fragile than their natural counterparts. As researchers continue to improve on these, and other, aspects, however, the skins that have been developed will continue to help save lives. References Brohem, C., da Silva Cardeal, L., Tiago, M., Soengas, M., de Moraes Barros, S., Maria-Engler, S. â€Å"Artificial skin in perspective: concepts and applications.† Pigment Cell Melanoma Research, 2011, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 35-50, doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00786.x.Companies are making human skin in labs to curb animal testing of products, Bob Woods, CNBC.Cooper, G. â€Å"Cell walls and the extracellular matrix.† In The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition, 2000, Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates.Halim, A., Khoo, T., and Yussof, S. â€Å"Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: An overview.† Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2010, vol. 43, pp. S23-S28, doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.70712.Immortal skin, Rebecca Skloot, Popular Science.Integra Dermal Regeneration Template.Jones, I., Currie, L., and Martin, R. â€Å"A guide to biological skin substitutes.† British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2002, vol. 55, pp. 185-193, doi: 10.1054/hips.2002.3800.Schulz, J., Tompkins, R., and Burke, J. â€Å"Artificial skin.† Annual Review of Medicine, 2000, vol. 51, pp. 231-244, doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.231.‘Second skin’ goes on over your skin to smooth your wrinkles, Ike Swetlitz, STAT.Tompkins, R., and Burke, J. â€Å"Progress in burn treatment and the use of artificial skin.† World Journal of Surgery, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 819-824, doi: 10.1007/BF01670529.Varkey, M., Ding, J., and Tredget, E. â€Å"Advances in skin substitutes—Potential of tissue engineered skin for facilitating anti-fibrotic healing.† Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 2015, vol. 6, pp. 547-563, doi:10.3390/jfb6030547.Zhang, Z., and Michniak-Kohn, B. â€Å"Tissue engineered human skin equivalents.† Pharmaceutics, 2012, vol. 4, pp. 26-41, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics4010026.

Culture Is A Way Of Life - 1033 Words

When defining the word culture, a common definition is that culture is a way of life. The way of life, however, holds a very general and unspecific meaning, and thus it is only an accurate description to encompass the basic idea of culture in a worldwide sense. A culture is made up of the people within it, and their interactions with each other and the society around them. It is these interactions that resulted in ideas such as art, history, tradition, and science, along with a range of others. The study of the history of culture should then logically require these people and their interactions as the focus. As such, cultural history is the study and interpretation of experiences, testimonies, and points of view that combines anthropological and historical methodologies to appreciate the history of a culture. 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Three Generation By Nick Quackin Free Essays

CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS: Anastacia- the old lady who told the heantation to Agueda Agueda- the young lady who bravely to see his husband to be on the midnight of May Day eve. Badoy- the man who fell in love with Agueda and eventually became his wife. PLOT: The story is about a girl who happened to believe that he could see his husband to be on a May Day eve. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Generation By Nick Quackin or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was an old wives take but it ought to be true when he married the man he saw on the mirror. In one part, Joaquin intends to present the circumstances of Agueda describing her encounter with the devil in the mirror to her young daughter. The child is keen in fact sees a similarity of his father to the description of the devil by her mother. The ambiguity of Agueda weeping towards the end renders innumerable possibilities. In yet another part Joaquin is more determined to show the circumstances of Don Badoy Montiya’s recollection of seeing a witch in the mirror. Teary eyed, he recalls to his grandson that he saw standing before the mirror the witch. Some have been guilty of looking at the story as a simple tale for little children, but Joaquin aims at something grander and loftier. His attention to present a man and a woman holding on to love until the death of them is worthy of note. His intention to exhibit the hazy romance of the old world, the quiet consummation of their love, itself an elevated thought, is a result of his great imaginative power. THEME: It was a love story that came in seemingly impossible superstitions. POINT OF VIEW: The author is the one who narrated the story SUMMARY: May Day eve of 1847 when Agueda tried to take a peek of the one she would  fated Mary. She walked down the living room and made the incantation when the young Badoy Montiya appeared before her. Agueda was really annoyed with Badoy and later on she had been offended and bit the knuckles of the young Badoy Montiya. Badoy wan to have revenge when he found himself falling in love with Agueda. Years have passed and they were already married and had a family. Agueda told her daughter what happened to that May Day Eve of 1847.Badoy reminisce on how he fell in love with Agueda on that evening, telling the story to his grandson. And the memories of him and her late wife keep coming back. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TITLE: According to the story, one could see his or her husband or wife to be when they peer in a mirror at the midnight of May Day eve. The superstion was said to be done at May Day eve and the story emphasizes the title May day eve. How to cite Three Generation By Nick Quackin, Papers

Report on Organizational Risks in Fruito

Question: Write theReport on Organizational Risks in Fruito. Answer: Introduction Background: Fruito, the largest fruit shop in Australia selling fruits and vegetables to retail markets as well as directly to the the customers. They also supply their products to hotels and restaurants. The procedure of internal control is planned to offer required assurance for achieving the objectives of operation, compliance, strategy and reporting (Chan, 2016). Management of risk is an essential segment of internal control. The management of risk is essential for attaining the aim of managing and predicting the probable risks and finding the way to eliminate them (Munsif, Raghunandan Rama, 2012). Aims: The aims of this report are: To recognize the risk in financial level, risk of mishandling the assets and risk of mishandling the products and the effectiveness and correctness of operations and identifying the role of internal control (Maughan et al., 2016). To identify the effect of the risks on the business of the organization; To suggest the methods to eliminate or reduce the risks (Kersting Wollni, 2012). Description of Expenditure Cycle The main purpose for the cycle of expenditure is to alter their cash into human resource and physical materials needed to operate the business. As like other organizations, Fruito also conducts their business on credit payment system and makes the payment after receiving the stores (Reynolds et al., 2015). Stages of Expenditure Cycle The time gap between the receipt of stores and payment for the same divides the procurement procedure into two stages: (1) Physical stage, which includes the acquiring of the stores (2) Financial stage, which involves the payment of cash. Cycle of Expenditure Related to Control and Risk As the payment is made after the receipt of goods, there is chances that the payment may not match with the cost booked for orders, if proper system for raising invoice and voucher for payment are nor reconciled. The requisition list and received items list should be matched properly. As the companys records are maintained in manual basis, there is great chance of misstatement of data for purchase, receipt or payment. After the receipt of goods, they are not transferred to warehouse immediately. As fruits and vegetables are perishable products, there is a high possibility that the goods will be perished and will result in loss for the company. In the system of payment, only one person is engaged with the job of making all the payments and keeping the records. Therefore, chances are there that he may make mistakes or may manipulate the data for his personal purpose. In few instances, the payment voucher does not contain the signature of higher authorities (Harsono et al., 2013). Risks and their Probable Effect on Fruito Fruitos purchasing system starts with the preparation of requisition order after checking the inventory level of the fruits and vegetables in the warehouse and completes with the receipt of stores. Risks involved with the process of receiving and ordering and their effects are: After checking the inventory level, they prepare the requisition for order manually. Manual order preparation is susceptible to misstatement and chances are there that wrong quantity for orders are placed. The raw materials required for Fruitos business are fresh fruits and vegetables from local farmers. As most of the fruits are seasonal in nature, it may hamper the business activity if required quantity is not received (Seymour et al., 2013). After receiving the stores, it takes some time to send the goods to warehouse. There are high chances that the fruits and vegetables will be rotten as the goods are of perishable nature. As the fruits and vegetable are of seasonal nature, Fruito needs to maintain high level for inventories. Despite of taking measures to preserve the fruits in good condition, there are chances that the goods will be perished. Processed vegetables and fruits are sold to retailers and direct customers for credit. It generally takes 30-60 days for receipt of payment. Huge amount of money involved with the debtor affect the companys financial viability (Cerutti et al. 2014). Recommendation to Mitigate Risk To mitigate or reduce the above listed risks, the company must follow the following recommendations: Install the computer system to maintain the data rather maintain the data in manual basis preparation of order requisition and order placing quantity should be cross checked by any higher authority Fruito should communicate with more suppliers, so that required quantity of raw material can be obtained easily They can maintain higher inventory level for seasonal fruits and vegetables (Ashurst, 2016). Goods should be transferred to the warehouse immediately to protect them from perishing The fruits and vegetables which are of more perishable nature should be processed first to reduce the chances of perishing. Fruito should use better preservation system to minimise the perishing level They should use modern amenities in warehouse to keep the vegetables and fruits in fresh condition. As the sale is made in credit system and payment is received in 30-60 days, Fruito can engage one debt collector who will collect the debt in short period in exchange of commission. Fruito can introduce discount system for payment made before the expiration of time. This will influence the debtors to make payment on time (Tracy Wright, 2016) Risk Impact Recommendation Way to mitigate 3.1. Manual preparation of requisition 3.2. Shortage of supply 3.3. Goods not sent to warehouse immediately after receipt 3.4. Fruits and vegetable are of seasonal nature 3.5. Long-term credit Misstatement of quantity Hamper the business activity Vegetables and fruits are perished Needs to maintain high level for inventories Huge amount of money involved with the debtor 4.1.(a)Prepare the requisition in computer (b)The invoice should be properly authorised 4.2.(a)Contact other suppliers (b)Maintain high level of inventory 4.3.(a) Goods should be transferred to the warehouse immediately (b) More perishable goods should be processed first 4.4.(a) Should use better preservation system (b) Use modern amenities in warehouse 4.5.(a) Can engage one debt collector (b) Introduce discount system for early payment Install computer system in the company and maintain the record in that Efficient and reliable supplier should be contracted. More employees should be engaged for handling the received goods Establish new warehouse with better preservation system Debt collector should be engaged in terms of payment of commission Table 1: Risk factor and recommendation (Sources: As created by author) Conclusion From the above discussions, it can be concluded that, the purpose of this report is to find out the importance of internal control in the business process, the risks involved with the order and receipt process of inventories and the recommendations to minimise the risks. It is found from the report that the main issue with the company Fruito is that they maintain their records in manual system. Other issues involved in their business are the warehousing of the goods, processing of the goods and receipt of payment. To reduce these risks, the company should install computer system in their offices, manage the payment system through hiring debt collector and process the raw materials in accordance with their perishable level. Reference: Ashurst, P. R. (2016).Chemistry and technology of soft drinks and fruit juices. John Wiley Sons. Cerutti, A. K., Beccaro, G. L., Bruun, S., Bosco, S., Donno, D., Notarnicola, B., Bounous, G. (2014). Life cycle assessment application in the fruit sector: state of the art and recommendations for environmental declarations of fruit products.Journal of Cleaner Production,73, 125-135. Chan, D. K. W. (2016). The effects of internal control reporting regulation on Control Quality, Compensation and Audit Quality. InWorkshop on Accounting and Economics, EIASM 2016. Harsono, S. S., Grundman, P., Lau, L. H., Hansen, A., Salleh, M. A. M., Meyer-Aurich, A., ... Ghazi, T. I. M. (2013). Energy balances, greenhouse gas emissions and economics of biochar production from palm oil empty fruit bunches.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,77, 108-115. Kersting, S., Wollni, M. (2012). New institutional arrangements and standard adoption: evidence from small-scale fruit and vegetable farmers in Thailand.Food Policy,37(4), 452-462. Maughan, T., Drost, D., Olsen, S., Black, B. (2016). Good Agricultural Practices (GAP): Certification Basics. Munsif, V., Raghunandan, K., Rama, D. V. (2012). Internal control reporting and audit report lags: Further evidence.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(3), 203-218. Reynolds, C. J., Piantadosi, J., Buckley, J. D., Weinstein, P., Boland, J. (2015). Evaluation of the environmental impact of weekly food consumption in different socio-economic households in Australia using environmentally extended inputoutput analysis.Ecological Economics,111, 58-64. Seymour, G. B., stergaard, L., Chapman, N. H., Knapp, S., Martin, C. (2013). Fruit development and ripening.Annual review of plant biology,64, 219-241. Tracy, J., Wright, J. (2016). Payment changes and default risk: The impact of refinancing on expected credit losses.Journal of Urban Economics,93, 60-70.